Does Marijuana Affect Driving Skills

Does Marijuana Affect Driving Skills Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Print How Does Marijuana Affect Driving? Chance of Crashing Increases If You Choose to Drive High By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Medically reviewed by Medically reviewed by Steven Gans, MD on July 16, 2016 Steven Gans, MD is board-certified in psychiatry and is an active supervisor, teacher, and mentor at Massachusetts General Hospital. Learn about our Medical Review Board Steven Gans, MD Updated on July 23, 2019 Alexandra Draghici/Getty Images More in Addiction Drug Use Marijuana Cocaine Heroin Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery Using marijuana can impair your judgment, motor coordination, ability to concentrate, and slow your reaction time. Therefore, it can impair your driving skills. Anytime the skills needed to drive safely are impaired, even slightly, the chances of having an auto crash increase. Specifically, studies have found that marijuana use affects the drivers concentration and ability to perceive time and distance. This may lead to poor speed control, drowsiness, distraction, and the inability to read road signs accurately. The Chances of Crashing Increases More than one research study has found a direct link between THC (the psychoactive chemical in marijuana)  concentration in the blood and impaired driving skills. An analysis of several studies has found that the risk of being involved in a motor vehicle crash significantly increases after using marijuana.  Another meta-analysis estimates that the risk of a crash that results in serious injury or death doubles after marijuana use.   In the 2015 Traffic Safety Facts: Drug and Alcohol Crash Risk report, the National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA) notes that THC increased crash risk by 1.25 times. This figure took into account contributing factors such as alcohol use and testing procedures for intoxication, so it is actually lower than some contradictory reports. Some studies also note that high-risk groups for car accidents are those most likely to use marijuana. Most notably, this is young men in their late teens and 20s. This could play a factor in some of the statistics as well. Teenage Marijuana Use by the Numbers Higher Levels, Higher Risks When drivers are involved in auto crashes, the drivers with THC in their blood are more likely to be the driver responsible for the accidents. This is compared to drivers who were not using drugs or alcohol. It is particularly true when THC is found at higher levels. When marijuana use is combined with alcohol, the risk of having a highway mishap is significantly greater â€"  much greater than with either drug used by itself. With the two combined their effect on driving skills are not added, they are multiplied, research shows. Driving While Stoned Is Becoming Common Research from the NHTSA  indicates that when drivers are killed in motor vehicle crashes, drugs and alcohol are involved about 11 percent of the time. The NHTSA report also shows an increase in the number of drivers who have tested positive for marijuana. They state that one in four drivers tested had THC in their system. Increases in driving while under the influence of marijuana is attributed to the recent legalization and popularization of medical and recreational cannabis in many U.S. states. Some drivers who use marijuana claim that smoking weed actually improves their concentration and  therefore, their driving skills. Researchers have  concluded that this might be true for the first few minutes of driving. However, marijuana users can soon become weary, bored, or distracted and their attention can begin to drift. Problems With These Studies The NHTSA, CDC, and almost every researcher that studies this issue do note that there are concerns with the marijuana-impaired driving statistics. One glaring problem is the testing procedures because THC can be detected in a persons system for days or weeks at a time. Unlike roadside tests  for blood alcohol content, the tests currently used for marijuana can pick up traces even if the person is not impaired at the time of a crash. They may have smoked the day before or even earlier and the tests will still be positive. The CDC notes that multiple drugs in a persons system make it difficult to determine which contributed to a crash. Also, drivers are not always tested for drugs, particularly if they already have an illegal blood alcohol concentration level. All of these factors can throw off data used in scientific studies. The Risks Do Remain Despite these concerns, the research does show that marijuana impairs a persons ability to drive. Also, though the laws vary by state, it is illegal to drive impaired in the United States. Using marijuana and driving while impaired can have serious legal consequences. As a conclusion, the CDC says that the safest option is not to have any alcohol or drugs in your system at all. DUI Laws by State

The Sublime Savage Caliban on Setebos - 1106 Words

The Sublime Savage: Caliban on Setebosnbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; nbsp;Caliban my slave, who never / Yields us kind answer.nbsp; (The Tempest, I.ii.310-1)nbsp;nbsp;nbsp; Caliban on Setebos was one of Robert Brownings more popular poems among the Victorians, for its presumed satire of orthodox Calvinism, Puritanism, and similarly grim Christian sects. And Browning as Shakespeares savage does indeed seem to hurl a few barbs in that direction, but the poets exercise seems to be as much one in alternative theology. Calibans bog-bound conjectures, in their significant departures from standard religious doctrine, serve as both an interesting repudiation of Archdeacon Paleys attempts to rationalize God, and as an†¦show more content†¦26) as almost a creative afterthought. The concept of a deity who dwelleth i the cold o the moon (l. 25) influences all of what is to come, for Calibans unhappy living conditions become Setebos, Calibans yoke of drudgery in an unhappy home the kernel for a limited deity ill at ease: / He hated that He cannot change H is cold / Nor cure its ache (ll.31-33). From the very beginning, Calibans nocturnal habits and marginal humanity have produced an interesting variant on traditional religion: that the eventual result will have some resemblances to Brownings rejected orthodox Calvinism is both an interesting philosophical twist and an effective satire. nbsp; Caliban proceeds, Descartes-like, to further deduce the existence, personality, and behavior of his deity, all based on his own condition. Archdeacon Paleys similar natural theology soon becomes ridiculous-looking in comparison with Brownings counter-example. For what Calibans musings most reveal is Calibans own self-serving egotism: with almost every point he proposes, he relates a story or theory of himself in a similar situation, describes his behavior, then attributes the same to Setebos with the recurrent, terse refrain so He. nbsp; Caliban dislikes his condition and wishes he could create servants, distractions, baubles: so Setebos. Caliban, enslaved by a sometimes capricious Prospero, believes in the power of the stronger working

Differences in the American and Ecuadorian Culture Essay

Tyler Copier Autoethnography Com. 3190 Differences in the American and Ecuadorian Culture Culture makes up who we are, what we believe and how we behave. About four years ago, I had the opportunity to live in Ecuador. I found the relationships and communication perspective to be very interesting and after spending two years there, I was able to notice several distinct intercultural differences between the American and Ecuadorian cultures. Since my analysis of Ecuador is only based off of my personal experience, I’ve also invited my friend Luis Salas from Quito, Ecuador who is currently attending Brigham Young University to give his own insights. By gaining his perspective of what it’s like to live in America as an†¦show more content†¦Ã¢â‚¬Å"Whether it’s international politics or economic trends, there is always going to be some level of uncertainty in any culture.† (Davidson). I noticed that Ecuador is very different from the U.S. in its acceptance of uncertainty. Most everyone works for their specific needs and not their wan ts, risk is not affordable in the Ecuadorian Culture. Failing to succeed at any sort of risk could cost someone everything that they’re worth. Most of them are very comfortable with their finances, and find no reason to take a risk. Luis says that he noticed from the beginning of his time spent in the U.S., that he has noticed that we take more risks when it comes to money. He also stated that he appreciates the American ways in that change is acceptable to us. We view change as a good thing that adds variety to our lives. Luis recognized that taking risks has allowed many people to be successful. The fact that the idea of risk is new to Luis concurs that the U.S. has lower uncertainty avoidance. I imagine that since the U.S. is made up of several successful companies and distributions, taking a risk would not be as â€Å"risky† as taking a risk somewhere else with high uncertainty avoidance such as Ecuador. Since the action of taking a risk could always result negatively in a down fall of something, it is predictable why so many people would be against doing so. In a place such as theShow MoreRelatedLiving Up to Ethical and Social Responsibilities: The Case of Occidental Petroleum Corporation1394 Words   |  6 PagesLiving Up to Ethical and Social Responsibilities: The Case of Occidental Petroleum Corporation Introduction The recent assassination of a U.S. ambassador in Libya and the rampant anti-American sentiments being expressed in other parts of the world is proof positive that many American-based multinational are faced with a hostile operating environment that demands informed and timely responses. 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Humanities-Ancient Greece Free Essays

Ancient Greece and Roman civilization comparison The first Olympic games were held in Olympia, Greece. These games were part of the â€Å"Panhellenic Festival, instituted in 776 B. C. We will write a custom essay sample on Humanities-Ancient Greece or any similar topic only for you Order Now E in honor of the Greek gods†. The Olympic games occur in an every â€Å"four-year periods beginning with the first games in 776 B. C. E. † The Greeks had many sports such as, â€Å"200-yard sprint, footrace, wrestling, long jump, and boxing. † Greek athletes competed nude. However, women were not allowed to compete in the Olympic games. The Greeks believed that a â€Å"true sport was that which gave athletes an opportunity to rival the divinity of the gods. In contrast to Greece, the Romans had a â€Å"variety of brutal blood sports. † Gladiator fights were â€Å"introduced in Rome in 264 B. C. E. † These games would symbolize the power of the emperors. In Rome, these events were held in the Coliseum. Gladiators fought wild animals. â€Å"Most Gladiators were criminals, prisoners of war, or slaves. † They were trained in schools and were forced to take part in the events. The Olympic games and Gladiator fights are different because in Greec e it was mostly sport festivals, while in Rome it was representation to honor the emperors. Greek architecture monuments were designed to serve the living. One of the many type of Greek architectural structures is the Parthenon. It is a temple dedicated to Athena, the goddess of war. Built in glittering Pentelic marble. The Parthenon represents the â€Å"apex of a long history of post-and-lintel temple building among the Greeks. † The functions of the Parthenon, was to â€Å"display statues of the gods, for the rulers to go and sacrifice and worship in as a recognition of the protection provided by the gods. In contrast, Roman architecture reflected the practical needs of the empire. The Romans are considered one of the greatest architects of ancient times. Also the Romans made good use of the â€Å"aqueducts, arches, vaults and domes. † For example, the Pantheon is â€Å"a temple dedicated to the seven planetary deities. † Its exterior is covered with a â€Å"veneer of white marble and bronze. † The Pantheon has many features such as, â€Å"a portico with eight Corinthian columns originally elevated by a flight of stairs that now lie buried beneath the city street. Greek and Roman architecture are similar because Roman architecture was based on the knowledge of the Greeks. Although there’s a difference because Greeks used single row columns for actual structural support, while the Romans were progressing technologically and using rows of concrete columns for luxury purposes. The arts in Greek were based on Humanism, Realism, and Idealism. The Greeks used the abstract geometric methods in their paintings. For example, Greek artists painted their â€Å"ceramic wares with angular figures and complex geometric patterns arranged to enhance the shape of the vessel. Greeks painted mythology, literature, and everyday life in â€Å"waters jars, wine jugs, storage vessels, drinking cups and bowls. † In contrast, the Roman art was based in Pictorial Realism paintings. The Romans decorated their â€Å"meeting halls, baths, and country villas that were inspired by Greek murals. † Roman art was illustrated in mosaics. This is a technique by which â€Å"small pieces of stone or glass are embedded into wet cement surfaces or plaster surfaces. † Also Romans illustrated landscapes to show affection to their pleasure of nature. It’s clear that Greek art and Roman art are different because both civilizations used different techniques for their art and showed different interested in what they were trying to portray in their paintings. Roman art was based in Realism while Greek art was more Idealistic. Greek literature was based in the Classical Style in Poetry. This is a combination of the â€Å"arts prevailed in most forms of religious ritual and in public and private entertainment. † For example, Hellenic literature was filled with passion and tenderness written in lyric poetry. In contrast, Roman literature reveals a masterful use of Latin literature. Romans use literature for the purposes of â€Å"entertainment, instruction, and record keeping. † A Roman notable style of literature is the Roman Epic Poetry style. For example, â€Å"Rome’s foremost poet-publicist, Virgil wrote the semi legendary epic that immortalized Rome’s destiny as world ruler. † Virgil’s poems were not an oral tradition but a literacy epic. His work became the â€Å"monumental impact of Latin language. † Greek literature and Roman Literature are similar because they both include comedies, poetry and epics. Also Greek literature dealt with myths while Roman Literature was based on triumphs. How to cite Humanities-Ancient Greece, Essay examples

Palliative and Rehabilitation Care Samples †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Palliative and Rehabilitation Care. Answer: Introduction The World health Organization (WHO) its definition on palliative care is an active total/holistic care on those patients whose ailments/diseases are not responding to the curative treatment schedule. It involves pain control and all the other symptoms that causes distress to the patient. It is holistic as it involves the psychological, spiritual and social aspects of the patient. The number one goal of palliative care is to ensure that the patients and the patients family gets the best life quality. Palliative care is a multidisciplinary care. It would not be realistic to expect one profession to handle the patient assessments, interventions and monitoring. The persons with chronic ailments or those who are undergoing palliative care requires rehabilitation as their diseases disables them either physically or psychologically and in some cases both. Palliative care has several principle that guides on patient care (Fallon and ONeill, 2016). One of the principles is, it affirms life an d also considers death as a normal process. Second, it does not fasten death or shorten life. Third, its main goal is to improve the quality of life by pain and distress relief. Fourth, it offers a support life to both the patient and the family till death. Rehabilitation of the persons with disabilities is primarily aimed at ensuring that the patients are able to attain and maintain an optimum sensory, physical, intellectual, social and psychological functional levels. Rehabilitation ensures that the people with disabilities are provided with the necessary tools so as to be able attain self-independency and self-determination. Vaughn et al, (2016) recognizes rehabilitationnursing as a specialization that majors in taking care of the persons with disabilities and those with lifelong illnesses for as long as the live. For rehabilitation the following are the requirements. The nurse needs to led interventions, should lead in patients care and management, should promote on health and s uccessful living, and lastly they should demonstrate inter professional care (communication and reporting). Principles of palliative care For successful palliative care the following principles should be adhered to (Brunner and suddarth, 2013). There should be a caring attitude. This is whereby there is demonstration of empathy, compassion and sensitivity to the patient. All aspects of the patients are taken care of not only the medical aspect. It is non-judgmental. The patients individuals factors should not determine the quality delivery of care. The second principal is on the consideration of the individuality. Every patient is unique. There might be patients with a similar condition but their needs varies. For patient centered care to be achieved. The psychosocial needs are not met when patients in palliative care focusses to its patients in wholesome. The patients mental and physical needs at the end of life are being assessed and recognized. The care given to this patients is patient and family centered. The needs of the patients are assessed and documented regularly. The changes in their health status is monitor ed and documented regularly. The mental needs of the patient are met, this includes depression and anxiety. Thirdly, the cultural consideration. This is a factor that not only applies to palliative care but it cuts through the medical field. To achieve patient centered care, the racial, ethnic and religious factors are to be respected and put into consideration. Fourth is consent, palliative care is just like any other care. Before initiating/withdrawing any treatment consent is asked for. Many patients appreciates shared decisions although many physicians ignores this fact. Fifth, is the choice of site of care? It is recommended that patients with terminal illness should be nursed at home, although in most developed countries there are other options. For example thenursing homes where they are cared for until they die. Sixth, Communication. As mentioned above palliative care is a multidisciplinary process. For coordination there should be good communication between the different de partments so as to achieve quality patient care. This principles are put into practice by having appropriate treatment to the patient. The treatment should be appropriate to the stage the patient is in their disease and prognosis. Patient neglect is avoided. The life of the patient should not be cut short or prolonged. Its quality should be improved. There should be a comprehensive inter-professional care. The care to the patient should be excellent. There should be a consistency in the medical care. There should be a plan of care for the patients which is reviewed regularly (Smith, S., 2014). This reduces the unexpected and sudden alterations that can cause distresses to the patient and the family. It lessens the medical crises that are usually frightening to the patient and relatives. There should be coordination of care. This factor cannot be over emphasized. There should be continuity of care. This is care given to the patient from the time they are referred to an institution to the time they die. The other important component is on crisis prevention. A good palliative care includes strategies to prevent emotional and physical crises that are anticipated to occur as the disease progresses. The families and the patient should be informed of the future problems that may occur and ways to avoid them. Preparedness. There should be care giver support. As the das progresses the patient demands more attention. The success or failure of palliative care depends on the support and care provided by the caring relatives. There should be continued reassessment. Due to the increment of the clinical problems as their diseases progresses (Michel, M., 2015). Psychosocial state, pain and other physical needs should be assessed, monitored and evaluated regularly. The advanced care planning. This includes how to break the bad news to the patient and the relatives. The treatments regimes. The communication of the prognosis. Being admitted in a palliative program, having to be fed on artificial feeds and artificial hydrations. The medications such as antibiotics. The mercy killing that is the do not resuscitate order. The decisions should be individualized and should be discussed by the patient and the family. Rehabilitation concepts in New Zealand The Australasian Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine (2014); the Royal Australasian College of Physicians (2014). New Zealand Rehabilitation Association (2014) redefined the concepts of rehabilitation and came up with a new strategy to change the old New Zealand rehabilitation strategy. The new strategy aims at ensuring that people who get disabilities through injuries or experiences diseases gets the support they require optimally for their recovery and also should aid in decreasing the secondary complications by ensuring there are skilled personnels and the person at risk gets timely rehabilitation services. New Zealand rehabilitation systems had not been at pace with the new developments and advances in rehabilitation, the services that were being offered 40 to 50 years ago they are still the same. This was disadvantageous to the New Zealanders. With the adoption of the new rehabilitation strategies there was improvements. The New Zealand signed a United Nations Convention on the R ights of the persons with disabilities. There were standard rules for rehabilitation. The main aim of the strategy is to ensure that there is a guidance policy and practice of the professions with disability. It also aims at improving the health, functioning abilities and the well-being of the New Zealanders who get disabled due injuries or diseases. It also aims on reducing the family and the individual burden due to the impairment. It focusses on establishing an independence and a functional ability so as to reduce the support needed.it reduces the societal disability cost. It also improves on the participation outputs and abilities to be able to contribute to ones community, family and the economy at large. It does this by ensuring that life returns back to normal and one assume their roles. Its goal was to ensure there is that there is equity of the rehabilitation services. To ensure that rehabilitation services are accessible to all. The policy on rehabilitation stipulates that there should be rehabilitation services to people with disabilities so as to ensure they are able to get and maintain their optimum level of functioning and independence. James (Jimmy) McGregor. A 68 year old patient with prostate cancer. It is a terminal illness that requires palliative care so as to improve on the quality of life of Jimmy. The illness disables Jimmy, he has self-care deficiency and requires to be taken care of. The palliative care also aims at rehabilitating him making him attain independency and self-determination. Firstly, there was no continued care in the case of Jimmy. He was diagnosed and treated for cancer five years ago. There was no follow up reassessment and evaluation. The metastasis of the prostate cancer is diagnosed years later. If there was reassessment and continued care this would have been caught early enough. Secondly, Jimmys choice of care is not taken care of. His wife feels unable to take care of him. This angers Jimmy as he does not contemplate to be treated far from him. He even confesses that if he is forced to be cared outside he will end his life. This shows that he is depressed and can commit suicide. This is an indicator that h is psychosocial and mental needs have not been met. This is one of the fundamental principals in palliative care. Thirdly, the physical needs have not been met. He has an ulcer on his leg. This is a distress to his body and on top of that he gets an allergic reaction during its treatment. This shows there is poor inter professional networking. Fourthly, the advanced care plan seems to have not been done properly. The patient and the family were not informed about the reoccurrence of the ailment after its treatment five years ago. They were not informed that care of the patient is lifelong. Lack of this information is what makes the family and the patient panic (Worden, J., 2015). Lastly the drinking and smoking of Jimmy. He is a known hypertensive patient. This behavior is a challenge to the management of this condition. He needs rehabilitation so that he can stay without. He needs a well-planned care plan so as to ensure he gets quality care and his life is of quality till death. I t will also anticipate the future crises and offers solution. Conclusion Palliative and rehabilitation care are essential when dealing with patients who develops disabilities either through injuries or by having an ailment that renders them disabled. They are both multi-disciplinary. They require coordination from other firms/departments. They all aims at improving the quality of life of the patient and also helping the patient to attain their independence and self-determination as quickly as possible. This is achieved through palliative and rehabilitation services that involves; continuous care, advanced treatment plan, support. From the Jimmy case above New Zealand evidently shows that it still has a long way to go so as to achieve its goals on rehabilitation. The new Zealanders are still not getting the palliative and rehabilitation services in a timely manner. They are also lacking the skilled health care providers. Jimmy has no caregiver. The wife has given up on him despite that he requires personal assistance as he has self-care deficit. He is stil l a drunkard and a smoker despite having been treated in the health institution for years. This means that no one identified it as a problem and also tried to council him on his behavior. There is poor inter-coordination in the New Zealand health institution. The patient needs were not met holistically. New Zealand have improved although it requires a lot more. References Brunner and suddarth, (2013). Textbook of medical and surgical nursing, 13th edition Fallon, M., ONeill, B., (2016). Principles of palliative care and pain control. Thebmj. Kassa, R., Kassa, G., (2014). Nurses Attitude practice and barriers towards cancer pain, management. Journal of cancer sciences. Vol. 6, pp. 483-487 Ministry of health. (2010). Adult literacy. Mishel, M., (2015). Uncertainty in chronic illness. Annual Review of Nursing Research. Vol. 17, pp. 269-294 National Advisory Council on health and disability (2007). Meeting the needs of people with chronic conditions. New Zealand Rehabilitation Association (2014) Palliative care Australia, (2016) Principles for palliative care in the end of life care. Rehabilitation strategy working party, (2014) Shaw, S., (2015). Professional Interpersonal relationship. Vol. 2, pp. 51-53 Smith, S., (2014). Hospice concepts: A guide to palliative care in terminal illness. Champaign, IL: Research press. The Australasian Faculty of Rehabilitation Medicine (2014); The New Zealand Statistics, (2016) The Royal Australasian College of Physicians (2014). Vaughn, S et al., (2016) the competence model for professional rehabilitation nursing. Rehabilitation nursing. Ed. 41, pp. 33-44 Voshall, B., Dunn, K., Shelestak, D., (2013). Knowledge and attitudes of pain management. Pain management nursing vol. 14, pp. 226-235 Wiener, C., Dodd, M, (2017). Coping amid uncertainty: an illness trajectory perspective. Scholarly Inquiry for Nursing Practice. Ed. 7(1), pp. 17-35 Worden, J., (2015). The grief Counselling and grief therapy. World Health Organization. Rehabilitation. Retrieved on 6th October 2017 from https://www.who.int/topics/rehabilitation

20 More Smothered Verbs Set Free

20 More Smothered Verbs Set Free 20 More Smothered Verbs Set Free 20 More Smothered Verbs Set Free By Mark Nichol In the interests of trying to help prevent the smothering deaths of countless sentences, here’s a public-service announcement about how to avoid this senseless tragedy: If a noun phrase (verb plus preposition plus article plus noun, though variations are frequent) can be condensed by converting the noun to a verb and deleting the other words in the phrase, do it. It’s easy enough to write a sentence with a smothered verb I did it myself in a post last week (â€Å"The strategy has been a failure in reducing costs† is easily reduced to â€Å"The strategy failed to reduce costs.†) We’re likely to employ such sentence-stretching strategies in speech, but in writing, we have the opportunity to that is, we can make amends. Here are more examples: 1. See example above. 2. â€Å"The latter conclusion provides an example of the combination of risk factors at different levels.† â€Å"The latter conclusion exemplifies the combination of risk factors at different levels.† 3. â€Å"Call a stop to (or â€Å"put a stop to†) this nonsense.† â€Å"Stop this nonsense.† 4. â€Å"I’m glad they’ve come to an agreement.† â€Å"I’m glad they agree.† 5. â€Å"We’re here to conduct an investigation.† â€Å"We’re here to investigate.† 6. â€Å"They decided to conduct a review.† â€Å"They conducted a review.† (The original version is valid, however, if the review has not yet been conducted.) 7. â€Å"She conducted experiments into tearing the fabric of the space-time continuum.† â€Å"She experimented with tearing the fabric of the space-time continuum.† 8. â€Å"I’d like to extend an invitation for you to attend.† â€Å"I’d like to invite you to attend.† (Or, even more directly, â€Å"I invite you to attend.†) 9. â€Å"He didn’t give an indication of his plans.† â€Å"He didn’t indicate his plans.† 10. â€Å"They agreed to give consideration to his proposal.† â€Å"They considered his proposal.† 11. â€Å"I had a discussion with her about that very issue.† â€Å"I discussed that very issue with her.† 12. â€Å"We have a tendency to get carried away sometimes.† â€Å"We tend to get carried away sometimes.† (Or, even more directly, â€Å"We get carried away sometimes.†) 13. â€Å"Will the new policy have an effect on our procedures?† â€Å"Will the new policy affect our procedures?† 14. â€Å"They plan to hold a conference (or meeting) about the issue soon.† â€Å"They plan to confer (or meet) about the issue soon.† (Or â€Å"They will confer (or meet) about the issue soon,† though the meaning is slightly different.) 15. â€Å"The president is expected to make a statement about his opposition to the proposal later today.† â€Å"The president is expected to state his opposition to the proposal later today.† (The meaning is not identical, but the condensed sentence is valid.) 16. â€Å"I will make (or undertake) an examination of the premises immediately.† â€Å"I will examine the premises immediately.† 17. â€Å"The committee will perform an assessment of the situation.† â€Å"The committee will assess the situation.† 18. â€Å"We expect to realize a substantial savings.† â€Å"We expect to save substantially.† 19. â€Å"She stated with confidence that she will win by a landslide.† â€Å"She is confident that she will win by a landslide.† 20. â€Å"Are you interested in submitting an application?† â€Å"Are you interested in applying?† Want to improve your English in five minutes a day? Get a subscription and start receiving our writing tips and exercises daily! Keep learning! Browse the Grammar category, check our popular posts, or choose a related post below:Coordinating vs. Subordinating ConjunctionsWhenever vs. When EverOppose and Opposed To

Dementia Essays - Cognitive Disorders, Dementia, Free Essays

Dementia Essays - Cognitive Disorders, Dementia, Free Essays Dementia What is Dementia? Dementia is an organic brain syndrome which results in global cognitive impairments. Dementia can occur as a result of a variety of neurological diseases. Some of the more well known dementing diseases include Alzheimer's disease (AD), multi-infarct dementia (MID), and Huntington's disease (HD). Throughout this essay the emphasis will be placed on AD (also known as dementia of the Alzheimer's type, and primary degenerative dementia), because statistically it is the most significant dementing disease occurring in over 50% of demented patients (see epidemiology). The clinical picture in dementia is very similar to delirium, except for the course. Delirium is an acute transitory disorder. By contrast Dementia is a long term progressive disorder (with the exception of the reversible dementias). The course of AD can range anywhere from 1.5 to 15 years with an average of about 8.1 years (Terry , 1988). AD is usually divided into three stages mild, moderate, and severe. Throughout these stages a specific sequence of cognitive deterioration is observed (Lezak, 1993). The mild stage begins with memory, attention, speed dependent activities, and abstract reasoning dysfunction. Also mild language impairments begin to surface. In the moderate stage, language deficits such as aphasia and apraxia become prominent. Dysfluency, paraphasias, and bizzare word combinations are common midstage speech defects. In the severe stage the patient is gradually reduced to a vegetative state. Speech becomes nonfluent, repetitive, and largely non-communicative. Auditory comprehension is exceedingly limited, with many patients displaying partial or complete mutism. Late in the course of the disease many neuropsychological functions can no longer be measured. Also primitive reflexes such as grasp and suck emerge. Death usually results from a disease such as pneumonia which overwhelms the limited vegetative functions of the patient. Dementia is commonly differentiated along two dimensions: age and cortical level. The first dimension, age, distinguishes between senile and presenile dementia. Senile dementia is used to describe patients who become demented after the age of 65, whereas presenile dementia applies to patients who become demented prior to that age. Late onset AD (LOAD) also known as senile dementia Alzheimer's type (SDAT) is the predominant cause of senile dementia. Early onset AD (EOAD) is the most frequent cause of presenile dementia, but HD, Pick's disease and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease though not as frequent are also important causes in presenile dementia. The second dimension, cortical level, differentiates between cortical and subcortical dementia. Cortical dementia is used to describe dementia which results from brain lesions at the cortical level, whereas subcortical dementia describes dementia resulting from subcortical brain lesions. AD and Pick's disease are the best known examples of cortical dementia; whereas HD, Parkinson's disease (PD), and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP) are good examples of subcortical dementia (Mayke, 1994). Dementia with both cortical and subcortical features is also possible, in that case the term mixed dementia is used. MID is a common example of mixed dementia. Historical developments in dementia Pre-Modern Developments The use of the term dementia dates back to Roman times. The Latin word demens did not originally have the specific connotation that it does today. It meant 'being out of one's mind' and, as such, was a general term for insanity (Pitt, 1987). It was the encylopedist Celsus who first used the word dementia in his De re medicina, published around AD 30. A century later the Cappadocian physician Aretaeus first described senile dementia with the word dotage (i.e., "The dotage which is the calamity of old age...dotage commencing with old age never intermits, but accompanies the patient until death."). Curiously, dementia was mentioned in most systems of psychiatric classification throughout pre-modern times, though the precise meaning of the word is often unclear (Pitt, 1987). Nineteenth Century It can be argued that the origins of the scientific study of dementia date back to the early nineteenth century. The initial steps were undertaken by the great French psychiatrist Pinel at the beginning of that century. Pinel's observations led him to the conclusion that the term dementia should be applied in relation to the "progressive mental changes seen in some idiots" (Pitt,3). Furthermore, Pinel thought that dementia was a distinct abnormal entity, and thus he used the term dementia to designate one of the five classes of mental derangement. However, by applying the term dementia